Gondola Punta and Basilica Salute Venice (;: Venezia, ( );: Venesia, ) is a city in northeastern and the capital of the. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by bridges, of which there are 400. The islands are located in the shallow, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the and the Rivers.

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Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their, and artwork. The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a. In 2014, 264,579 people resided in di Venezia, of whom around 55,000 live in the historic city of Venice ( Centro storico). Together with and, the city is included in the (PATREVE), with a total population of 2.6 million.

PATREVE is only a statistical metropolitan area. The name is derived from the ancient people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BCE. The city was historically the capital of the.

Venice has been known as the 'La Dominante,' 'Serenissima,' 'Queen of the,' 'City of Water,' 'City of Masks,' 'City of Bridges,' 'The Floating City,' and 'City of Canals.' The was a major financial and maritime power during the and, and a for the and the, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain, and ) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century.

This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the. After the and the, the Republic was annexed by the, until it became part of the in 1866, following a referendum held as a result of the. Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016. The city is facing some major challenges, however, including financial difficulties, erosion, pollution, subsidence, an excessive number of tourists in peak periods and problems caused by oversized cruise ships sailing close to the banks of the historical city.

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421–476 476–493 493–553 553–584 584–697 697–1797 1797–1805 1805–1815 1815–1866 1848–1849 1849–1866 1866–1946 1946–present Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as, and Concordia (modern ) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of and invasions. This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called 'apostolic families', the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first doge, who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families.

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Some late Roman sources also reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae ('lagoon dwellers'). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of on the islet of (Rivoalto, 'High Shore') — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421 (the ). Beginning as early as AD 166 to 168, the and destroyed the main center in the area, the current. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led. The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the in 568, left the a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the ) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople, but Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes; and with the Venetians' isolated position came increasing autonomy.

New ports were built, including those at and in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. The traditional first, (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the by in ca. Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually, and his successor, was Paul's (General: literally, 'Master of Soldiers'). In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the at the urging of.

The Exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master Byzantine Emperor, was murdered and many officials put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear. Was the first of 117 ' ( doge is the development of the Latin ('leader'); the corresponding word in English is, in standard Italian.) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor 's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships.

In recognition of this, Venice was 'granted numerous privileges and concessions' and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as and given the added title of (Greek for '.) In 751 the Lombard King conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the 'duke/dux', later 'doge'), was situated in. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum there. In 775/6 the seat of Olivolo (; Helipolis ) was created.

During the reign of duke (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St Zachary and the first and, as well as a walled defense ( civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here. Sought to subdue the city to his own rule. He ordered the Pope to expel the Venetians from the along the Adriatic coast, and Charlemagne's own son, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw (810). A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there.

In the aftermath, an agreement between and the Byzantine Emperor in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast. In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition of the claimed relics of from, which were placed in the new basilica. (Winged lions, visible throughout Venice, symbolise St Mark.) The patriarchal seat also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, its autonomy grew, leading to eventual independence. Expansion. In Venice, with and Basilica in the background.

From the 9th to the 12th century, Venice developed into a (an Italian or: the other three of these were, and ). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates along the, the city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the and ) with a naval power protecting sea routes from piracy. The seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because based there were a menace to trade.

The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of and Duke of. Later mainland possessions, which extended across as far west as the, were known as the 'Terraferma', and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended.

In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the, including and, and became a major power-broker in the. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as, and rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.

Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of and the rise of Venice's power. Venice became an imperial power following the, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking and establishing the. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the from the, which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, although the originals have been replaced with replicas and are now stored within the basilica. After the fall of Constantinople, the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians.

Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the, and captured Crete. The seizure of Constantinople proved as decisive a factor in ending the as the loss of the after. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until took the city. View of from. Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded extensively with the and the. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce.

Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected ', or duke, the chief executive, who usually held the title until his death; although several Doges were forced by pressure from their peers to resign and retire into seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by political failure. The Venetian government structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge.

Church and various private properties were tied to military service, although there was no within the city itself. The was the only order of ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce). Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and executed nobody for religious heresy during the.

This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the. In this context, the writings of the Anglican divine are particularly illuminating.

Venice was threatened with the on a number of occasions, and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most noted, occasion was in 1606, by order of. Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians. The newly invented German spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it.

By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was, who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era. The in Venice.

Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold against the Ottomans (1423–1430). It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453). After Constantinople fell to, he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in 1492. Then Vasco da Gama of Portugal found a sea route to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope during his first voyage of 1497–99, destroying Venice's land route monopoly.

France, England and the Dutch Republic followed. Venice's oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies. The devastated Venice in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577. In three years, the killed some 50,000 people. In 1630, the killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens. Venice began to lose its position as a center of during the later part of the as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth; while France and Spain fought for over Italy in the, marginalising its political influence.

However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products, and until the mid-18th century, a significant center. Modern age. 1870s panoramic view of Venice. During the 18th century, Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. But the Republic lost its independence when conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice.

He removed the gates of the and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city. Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. But Venice was taken from Austria by the in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's; however it was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held. In 1848–9, a revolt briefly re-established the under. In 1866, after the, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created.

View from the Bridge of Sighs During the, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being, a successful precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself. However the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste and Trento were.

On 29 April 1945, troops under of the reached Venice and relieved the city and the mainland, which were already in hands. Subsidence. Venice and surroundings in false colour, from. The picture is oriented with North at the top., the gradual lowering of the surface of Venice, has led to the seasonal when much of the city's surface is occasionally covered at high tide. Foundations The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wooden. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion.

The foundations rest on plates of placed on top of the piles, and buildings of brick or sit above these footings. The piles penetrate a softer layer of and until they reach a much harder layer of compressed. Submerged by water, in oxygen-poor conditions, wood does not as rapidly as on the surface. Most of these piles were made from trunks of trees, a wood noted for its water resistance.

The alder came from the westernmost part of today's (resulting in the barren land of the region), in two regions of Croatia, and (resulting in the barren slopes of ) and south of. History The city is often threatened by flood pushing in from the between autumn and early spring.

Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment. In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a '. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.

During the 20th century, when many were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to. It was realised that extraction of water from the was the cause.

The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called Acqua alta, 'high water') that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, the former staircases used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable. Studies indicate that the city continues sinking at a relatively slow rate of 1-2mm per annum; therefore, the state of alert has not been revoked.

In May 2003, Italian Prime Minister inaugurated the ( Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work is due to be completed by 2018. The project is not guaranteed to be successful and the cost has been very high, according to a spokesman for the FAI (similar to a National Trust).

'Mose is a pharaonic project that should have cost €800m £675m but will cost at least €7bn £6bn. If the barriers are closed at only 90cm of high water, most of St Mark’s will be flooded anyway; but if closed at very high levels only, then people will wonder at the logic of spending such sums on something that didn’t solve the problem. And pressure will come from the cruise ships to keep the gates open.' Approximately €2 billion of the cost has been lost to corruption.

Geography Sestieri. Venice viewed from the International Space Station.

The whole pensolon (municipality) is divided into 6 boroughs. One of these (the historic city) is divided into six areas called:, (including the isla and ), (including ) and (including and ). Diginet site 4 13 manual arts. Each sestiere was administered by a and his staff. Now, each sestiere is a statistical and historical area without any degree of autonomy. The six fingers or phalanges of the ferro on the bow of a represent the six sestieri. The sestieri are divided into parishes – initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under and now numbering just 38.

These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170. Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to an integrated network.

The community chose its own patron saint, staged its own festivals, congregated around its own market center, constructed its own bell towers and developed its own customs. Other islands of the do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy. Each sestiere has its own system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.

Climate According to the, Venice has a ( Cfa), with cool winters and very warm summers. The 24-hour average in January is 3.3 °C (37.9 °F), and for July this figure is 23.0 °C (73.4 °F). Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 748 millimetres (29.4 in).

Like Murano, Burano is also a tourist destination, usually reached via vaporetto This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by other countries such as Portugal, and its naval importance was reduced. In the 18th century, then, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the, and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and spaces for art). Since World War II many Venetians have moved to Mestre and Marghera seeking employment as well as affordable housing. Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly done in the neighboring cities of and ), services, trade and industrial exports.

Production in and lace production in are also highly important to the economy. The city is facing financial challenges. In late 2016, it had a major deficit in its budget and debts in excess of €400 million. 'In effect, the place is bankrupt', according to a report. Many locals are leaving the historic center due to rapidly increasing rental costs. The declining native population affects the character of the city as an October 2016 article pointed out in its subtitle: 'Residents are abandoning the city, which is in danger of becoming an overpriced theme park'. In June 2017, Italy was required to bail out two banks in Venice to prevent bankruptcies of the and.

Both companies will be wound down and their assets with value will be taken over by another Italian bank, Intesa Sanpaolo which received €5.2 billion as compensation. The Italian government will be responsible for losses from any uncollectible loans from the now closed banks. The cost may be as high as €5.2 billion but the guarantees to cover bad loans total €12 billion. Gondolas share the waterway with other types of craft (including the vaporetti) Venice is an important tourist destination for its celebrated art and architecture. The city gets up to 60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate). Estimates as to the annual number of tourists vary from 22 million to 30 million.

This creates overcrowding and environmental problems in its canal ecosystem. By 2017, was considering the addition of Venice to its 'In-Danger' list which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. To reduce the number of visitors that are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships as well as creating a full strategy for a more sustainable tourism. Access the through the.

Tourism has been a major sector of Venetian industry since the 18th century, when it was a major center for the, with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage. In the 19th century, it became a fashionable centre for the 'rich and famous', often staying or dining at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the.

It continued being a fashionable city in vogue right into the early 20th century. In the 1980s, the was revived and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious and the, which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions. Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as, the, the, and the. The is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and mainly people in the cinematic industry. The city also relies heavily on the cruise business.

The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150 million euros (US $193 million) annually in the city according to a 2015 report. Other reports, however, point out that such day trippers spend relatively little in the few hours of their visits to the city. Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a 'living museum'.

Unlike most other places in Western Europe, and the world, Venice has become widely known for its element of. The competition for foreigners to buy homes in Venice has made prices rise so high that numerous inhabitants are forced to move to more affordable areas of and Italy, the most notable being. Minimising the effects of tourism The need to balance the jobs produced by cruise tourism with the protection of the city's historic environment and fragile canals has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city. A 2013 ban would have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the Giudecca Canal and St Mark's basin. In January, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found.

For example, P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule, Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska and Cunard is reducing (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships. As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 percent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice. Gondoliers on the Grand Canal The city also considered a ban on, but settled on banning hard wheels for cargo from May 2015. In addition to accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some pollution in the lagoon, cruise ships dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St.

Marks Square and other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season. Government officials see little value to the economy from the 'eat and flee' tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those from cruise ships.

Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca canal, the city switched to a new strategy in mid 2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels; currently there are over 24,000 hotel rooms. (The ban does not affect short term rentals in the historic center which is causing an increase in rent for the native residents of Venice.) The city had already banned any additional fast food 'take-away' outlets to retain the historic character of the city; this was another reason for freezing the number of hotel rooms. Less than half the millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however.

Some locals were aggressively lobbying for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such sightseers per day at peak periods, while other concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the city. An unofficial referendum to ban the huge cruise ships was held in June 2017. More than 18,000 people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists and 17,874 chose to favor the ban the ships from the lagoon. The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000.

The organizers of the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the three entrances to the. Passenger would be transferred to smaller boats to take them to the historic area. In 2014, the United Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO’s list of World Heritage In Danger sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the historic centre. In November 2017, an official Comitatone released a specific plan to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal. Ships over 55,000 tons will be required to follow a specified path through another canal to a new passenger port to be built in Marghera, an industrial area of the mainland.

Work on the both aspects will take time, however, four years according to officials. The work will take much longer however, according to the lobby group No Grandi Navi (No Big Ships) which also remains concerned that the level of pollution caused by the ships will not be diminished. Foreign words of Venetian origin Some words with a Venetian etymology include, and. The name ' is a Spanish diminutive of Venice ( Veneziola). Many additional places around the world are named after Venice, e.g., home of Venice Beach; in Canada;, a city in Sarasota County;. Transportation In the historic centre. A map of the waterbus routes in Venezia Lagoon area The main public transportation means are motorised ( ) which ply regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands.

The only gondole still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges. Other gondole target tourists on an hourly basis. The (managed by ASM) is a -operated system connecting with Piazzale Roma. Water taxis are also active.

Lido and Pellestrina islands and are two islands forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. In those islands, road traffic is allowed.

There are bus services on islands and waterbus services linking islands with other islands (Venice, ) and with the peninsula of. Mainland The mainland of Venice is composed of 5 boroughs: -Carpenedo, Chirignago-Zelarino and Favaro Veneto. Mestre is the center and the most populated urban area of the mainland of Venice. There are several bus routes and two. Several bus routes and one of the above tramway lines link the mainland with, the main bus station in Venice, via, a road bridge connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic center of Venice.

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min. 12.2% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 17.6% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. ( Aeroporto di Venezia ) The (: Porto di Venezia) is the eighth-busiest commercial port in Italy and is one of the most important in the Mediterranean concerning the cruise sector, as a major hub for.

It is one of the major Italian ports and is included in the list of the leading European ports which are located on the strategic nodes of trans-European networks. In 2006, 30,936,931 tonnes passed through the port, of which 14,541,961 was the commercial sector, and saw 1,453,513 passengers. In 2002, the port handled 262,337 containers. Airports Venice is served by the ( Aeroporto di Venezia ), named in honor of its noted citizen.

The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast. Public transport from the airport takes one to:.

Venice by ATVO (provincial company) buses and by ACTV (city company) buses (route 5 aerobus);. Venice, Lido and Murano by Alilaguna (private company) motor boats;. Mestre, the mainland and Venice Mestre railway station (convenient for connections to, and the rest of Italy) by ACTV lines (route 15 and 45) and by ATVO lines;. regional destinations (Treviso, Padua, the beach.) by ATVO buses and by Busitalia Sita Nord buses (national company). Some airlines market in, 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Venice, as a Venice gateway. Some simply advertise flights to 'Venice', while naming the actual airport only in small print. There are public buses from this airport to Venice.

Venezia-Lido 'Giovanni Nicelli', a public airport suitable for smaller aircraft, is at the NE end of. It has a 994-metre grass runway. Book printed by Aldus Manutius.

Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront of the technological development of printing and publishing. Two of the most noted Venetian writers were in the Middle Ages and later.

Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to. His series of books, co-written by and titled provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East to China, Japan, and Russia.

(1725–1798) was a prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, Histoire De Ma Vie ( Story of My Life), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice. Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theatre tradition of. (1502–1542), (1707–1793), and (1720–1806) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies. Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. Shakespeare set and in the city, as did with his novel, (1912). The French writer spent most of his life in Venice and published A Dictionary For Lovers Of Venice in 2004.

The city features prominently in ' and. It is also visited in 's and 's. Perhaps the most known children's book set in Venice is The Thief Lord, written by the German author. The poet (1778–1827), born in, an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following its fall to. Venice also inspired the poetry of, who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in 1972, and his remains are buried in Venice's cemetery island of. Venice is also linked to the technological aspects of writing.

The city was the location of one of Italy's earliest printing presses, established by (1449–1515). From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic center and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books. In literature and adapted works The city is a particularly popular setting for essays, novels, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature.

Examples of these include:. 's autobiographical History of My Life,. 's (1605–6),. 's Commissario Guido Brunetti series and cookbook, and the German television seriws based on the novels. 's (1982),. 's ( or ) A large portion of the novel takes place in a city known as La Serenissima. It is an alternative-history version of Venice, complete with masquerades, canals and a Doge.

1596–1598) and,. ', and. 's. Additionally, 's novella, (1912), was the basis for Benjamin Britten's. Art and printing. The is an example of Venetian Gothic architecture alongside the.

Venice has a rich and diverse, the most prominent of which is the style. Is a term given to a Venetian building style combining use of the Gothic lancet arch with and influences.

The style originated in 14th-century Venice, where the confluence of style from met Arab influence from. Chief examples of the style are the and the in the city.

The city also has several and buildings, including the and the. By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press after those established in Germany, having 417 printers by 1500. The most important printing office was the of, which in 1499 printed the, considered the most beautiful book of the, and established modern, the page format and, and the first printed work of. In the 16th century, Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and, who introduced the oil painting technique of the brothers. It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters were the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by and, then and.

In the early 16th century, there was rivalry in Venetian painting between the disegno and colorito techniques. (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance. These early canvases were generally rough. In the 18th century, Venetian painting had a revival with, 's decorative painting and 's and 's panoramic views.

In the 19th century with. Rococo architectural style It can be argued that Venice produced the best and most refined designs. At the time , Venice was in trouble.

It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance, and society had become decadent, with nobles wasting their money in gambling and partying. But Venice remained Italy's fashion capital, and was a serious contender to Paris in terms of wealth, architecture, luxury, taste, sophistication, trade, decoration, style, and design. Venetian rococo was well known as rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique Venetian furniture pieces included the divani da portego, and long rococo couches and pozzetti, objects meant to be placed against the wall.

Bedrooms of rich Venetians were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, and beautifully carved rococo beds with statues of, flowers and angels. Venice was especially known for its beautiful, which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others, and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire. Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most noted being lacca povera (poor lacquer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted.

Lacquerwork and were particularly common in bureau cabinets. Venice is known for its ornate glass-work, known as. It is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made. Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the 13th century. Toward the end of that century, the center of the Venetian glass industry moved to, an offshore island in Venice.

The glass made there is known as. Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass, an art form for which the city is well known. When was sacked in the in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice. This happened again when the took Constantinople in 1453, supplying Venice with still more glassworkers.

By the 16th century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the color and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques. Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe. Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano. They are: Venini, Barovier & Toso, Millevetri, Seguso. Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100 in the world, formed in 1295.

Cinema, media, and popular culture Venice has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos, television shows, and other cultural references. Festivals. Typical masks worn during the.

The is held annually in the city, It lasts for around two weeks and ends on. The is one of the most important events in the arts calendar. In 1895 an Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale (biennial exhibition of Italian art) was inaugurated. The activities of the Biennale were interrupted by the war in September 1942, but resumed in 1948. The is held in mid July.

It began as a feast to give thanks for the end of the plague of 1576. A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and fireworks play an important role. The ( Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia) is the oldest film festival in the world. Founded by Count in 1932 as the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica, the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the. Screenings take place in the historic on the Lungomare Marconi.

It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale. See also: and In films Examples of films set or at least partially filmed in Venice include:. (1990). (2003).

's (1971). Three films:, and (2006). (2010). (1955), starring.

's (1996). 's. (1999). (1988), the biography of Veronica Franco, the 16th century beauty., is set inside a city based on Venice, although it is titled differently and features sights not present within its real-world equivalent. (The city is otherwise virtually identical to Venice.). Music.

Operahouse in the city. The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the. The Venetian state – i.e., the medieval – was often popularly called the 'Republic of Music', and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that 'In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing.

There is music everywhere.' During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the ) and the development of the under composers such as, who worked. Venice was the early center of music printing; began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and. By the end of the century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the 'colossal style' of and, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups.

Venice was also the home of many noted composers during the, such as, and, to name but a few. In music The city has been the setting for music videos of such songs as 's ' and ' '. Photograph of Guardi's Regatta in Venice at the Frick Art Reference Library. Its splendid architecture, artworks, landscapes, the alternance of high and low tides, the reflections of light and colors, and the unusual daily scenes in a city living on water, make of Venice and its islands a paradise for photographers both professionals and amateurs. Has probably been the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice, followed by a number of authors whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching a widest international popular exposure.

Luxury shops and boutiques along the. In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza ('Trouser Club') to which they belonged.

The Venetian Senate passed, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the wide spread of men's 'slashed' fashions in the 15th century. Today, Venice is a major fashion and shopping centre, not as important as, and Rome, but on a par with, and. Is the only major brand to be based in Venice.

Founded in 1945, it is renowned for its innovative handbags featuring hardware by Venetian artisans and often covered in locally woven velvet, and has been credited with creating the concept of the easily recognisable. Many of the fashion boutiques and jewelry shops in the city are located on or near the and in the. There are and flagship stores in the city. If shopping for venetian and Italian food specialties and wine you can head to Mascari or Casa del Parmigiano near Rialto and flagship store near. Notable people.

See also: Venice is with:., Armenia, since 2011., Croatia, since 2012 In 2013, Venice ended the sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights. Cooperation agreements Venice has cooperation agreements with the Greek city of, the German city of, signed on 25 September 1999, and the Turkish city of, signed on 4 March 1993, within the framework of the 1991 Istanbul Declaration.

It is also a Science and Technology Partnership City with, China. See also. Venice: Pure City. London, Chatto & Windus., 1884; revised ed. 1894; further eds. 1900, 1904, 1909.

Cole, Toby. Venice: A Portable Reader, Lawrence Hill, 1979. (hardcover); (softcover)., Venice: A New History. New York: Viking, 2012.

A fascinating and approachable history by a distinguished historian. (1993), Venice. 3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber,.

A subjective and passionate written introduction to the city and some of its history. Not illustrated. Abridged edition Links, JG (Ed), Penguin Books, 2001. Seminal work on architecture and society.

(2004). A Venetian Affair. Biography of Venetian nobleman and lover, from correspondence in the 1750s. Sethre, Janet. The Souls of Venice McFarland & Company, Inc., 2003. This book focuses on people who have been shaped by Venice and who have shaped the city in their turn. Illustrated (photographs by Manuela Fardin).

External links.

— Lester, A kind of self-censorship born out of sensitivity to current issues. One frequent situation is when a new episode (or possibly an old one) is edited or not broadcast because it coincides with some recent tragic event. Can be taken to ridiculous extremes, especially if is involved; for example, after President Reagan was shot, The Greatest American Hero had the name of its main character changed because his name was Hinkley, the same as the would-be assassin.

Sometimes it goes so far that any fictional depiction of someone or something upon which tragedy has been visited cannot be shown at all for fear of 'trivialization' - even if the depiction is respectful. The phrase 'too soon' rose to prominence in the '00s to indicate that an observer was still sensitive to the issue at hand and did not feel it was a fit subject for comedy. Likewise a trend of subversions also took hold primarily by referencing an event long since considered to be an.

A prominent example for Americans was that, for several years, any show featuring the former twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York, New York tended to be tweaked a bit. Some older shows and even movies had broadcasts digitally edited to remove it from the skyline. This sometimes happened This has, in that it allows the terrorists to destroy the World Trade Center.

Much of the recent popularization of the phrase and awareness of the issue is due to the rather long shadow the World Trade Center attacks cast over the subsequent decade. In other cases, the result ends up being a (if it's scheduled to air around the time of the tragedy, but has to be replaced with a rerun or another episode) or a (if it aired previously and now has to be shelved until the tragedy dies down, though, in some cases, like the two-part episode '200' and '201,' an episode will be considered gone for good if it really caused trouble). Speaking of South Park, they've defined the line between 'Too Soon' and not as 22.3 years. Ironically, sometimes it is that gives it its Too Soon quality. A seemingly innocuous scene has been edited out of a repeat; the only explanation is that it referred to the same kind of situation as in Current Issue X. What was a vague connection has now been made explicit. For obvious reasons, what qualifies as Too Soon is a matter of opinion.

(See: ) Johnny Carson famously found out in the 1970s that the Lincoln assassination was still too soon for his audience (to the point that after a while the words 'See? Still too soon!' Became the punchline), and even today are brave enough to poke fun at Kennedy's murder (although have come in for their share of ridicule) and the episode 'The Boyfriend' (1992) famously made fun of 's. Easier for dramatic series to avert than comedy series, since at least in dramas the sensitive subject matter is being tackled with a degree of seriousness and respect.

In contrast, it's the prerogative of a comedy series to satirize and make light of its subject matter, which may be seen as more offensive. If the satire isn't aimed directly at the target, though, audiences might even find it more offensive. Has elements in common with and. Also compare. Commonly evokes the reaction '. Barely a day after the devastating Tohoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, comedian began about it. Aflac Insurance, whose products he endorses (he provided the voice of the duck),.

It helps that Aflac is VERY BIG in Japan (though someone else does the voice there). He responded to this. At least he apologized on it. He seems to have a bad habit of this. Soon after 9/11, he made a very off-color joke on stage about the attacks which he only managed to recover from by resorting to.

The Japanese one even earned him the right for (to standing applause!) in of Barr. 'Her rolls of fat swaying and crashing that a Japanese moo-nami!

Let me just stop for a second and talk about moo-namis. One should never speak about moo-namis! One should never joke about moo-namis!

And most of all, one should never tweet about moo-namis! But if one were to tweet about moo-namis, he's probably long due enough by now and get his endorsement deal back! '. In 1994, the restaurant chain Jack-in-the-Box released the first commercials with the 'Jack' character. In the commercials, he referenced the 1980 commercials where they blew up the jack-in-the-box head that was their trademark, saying they had 'fired' him.

He then claimed that due to plastic surgery, he was back and would change Jack-in-The-Box. Immediately after this announcement, the commercial showed Jack getting revenge by blowing up the building's boardroom behind him. The commercial was shortly after when the World Trade Center parking bombing occurred. Interestingly, this commercial was responsible for the popular depiction of Jack as a suit-wearing businessman with a (usually) expressionless clown head, which continues to this day, but depictions of him wearing the business suit (which he wore during his act of terrorism) remain despite the. The referenced 'Jack Blows Up' commercial from 1980 declared that 'The Food is Better At The Box!' , which turned into this trope when Jack in The Box had an e-coil outbreak, perhaps the biggest outbreak of the bacteria ever. The outbreak came from the Monster Burger promotion which ran under the tagline, 'So Good, It's Scary!'

. A TV ad for the 1986 Ford Aerostar minivan, which compared the van's profile to that of the Space Shuttle, was pulled after the Challenger disaster. 20th Century Fox pulled ads for the Ben Stiller-Vince Vaughn comedy Neighborhood Watch in Florida soon after the controversial Trayvon Martin incident. The film itself was later retitled. Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York, did a Weight Watchers commercial in which she said she got most of her exercise running from the paparazzi.

It was released the same week as the death of Princess Diana of Wales and was immediately pulled. Throughout the 1960's and 1970's, a popular weight-loss-by-meal-replacement programme in Great Britain was frequently advertised on the TV as AYDS Helps You lose A Lot Of Weight - Fast!

Following a certain new disease which came to the public eye in the 1980's, however, AYDS, its advertising and the product itself vanished completely. for featuring a heavily damaged school bus was supposedly pulled after the Columbine massacre. When WE tv began airing, they ran a humorous promo where a mother her family with duct tape so they wouldn't interrupt her while she was watching the show. The ad was pulled in response to a news story about a child who had died after having their mouth taped. Wal-Mart pulled a commercial featuring a black father saying 'I can't breathe!' After the grand jury failed to indict NYPD Officer Daniel Pantaleo for the choking death of Eric Garner, an unarmed black man. In particular, the issue was that 'I can't breathe' were the last words Garner said while dying on-camera, and subsequently became the rallying cry of those seeking to end race-based police brutality.

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(It is still available on t-shirts, jackets, hats etc., and his daughter famously wore one in.). HP and Hardee's ads were in light of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. The HP was harsher than the others because it bragged about bringing astronauts to safety.

commercial only aired a few times before being pulled after the Oklahoma City bombing. In 2017, the automaker Dodge sponsored a drag racing event in called, with their new Challenger SRT Demon muscle car featured there. The event was held on August 12. Which was, unfortunately, also the day when a neo-Nazi at a 'Unite the Right' rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one and injuring nineteen others.

Dodge very quickly removed the banner on its page promoting Roadkill Nights with a picture of the Demon, though drew no shortage of jokes and remarks about the unfortunate timing. In-universe example in that cross-promoted: Happy Hogan is going over a list of guests for Tony Stark's NBA Finals party, Tony's AI F.R.I.D.A.Y asks, 'Question: Captain Steve Rogers?' Happy answers.

That is, those of you that aren't lying face up!., the 1986 updated retelling of 's origins, was going to have him make his first public appearance saving a space shuttle from crashing. The Challenger disaster occurred while the miniseries was in production, and the vessel Superman saves was changed to an 'experimental space-plane'. The cover of #52 was originally supposed to depict an 8 year-old getting a handgun as a Christmas present. After, it was changed to a standard facial shot of an adult Tulip. of the title, containing a story entitled Shoot (written by ) was never released due to its resemblance to the Columbine shootings - it would have come out only weeks after the shootings occurred. As with the above example, the issue had been in the works for several months, the timing was merely coincidental. The issue was eventually released as a standalone story in 2010.

Issue #3 of was pushed back a month due to the tragic shooting spree that occurred at a Colorado screening of. The issue, which saw a female Leviathan agent and then pointing a gun at her students, was deemed insensitive in light of the shootings. On her blog, mentioned that she had to rewrite an issue of (which featured a Latino youth being brutalized by bigoted security officers) due to some similarities it bore to the death of Trayvon Martin. Trinity was originally scheduled to have a three-issue arc dealing with Batman, and defending a racist hate speaker from angry rioters. The issues were cancelled by DC due to the increasingly volatile political situation in the United States following the election of Donald Trump, including at least one incident that bore superficial similarities to the riot in the story. Japanese author/artist Gensoukoumuten is internationally renowned in the for their series, character-driven stories, set in a modernized version of.

On the 8th of March, 2011, preview images of the next installment of their series Days Woven With Illusion note Gensou to Yamugu Hibi were posted to their account, the full item to be released the following week. The images (worksafe, although banner ads will probably be otherwise) showed. The struck three days later.

Shortly, the artist announced that, the book's release was cancelled and shelved for any foreseeable future date. It's finally being continued, as proven by the presence of new images in the danbooru pool for it. Not fully translated as of the time of editing, though. In-universe in.

Laurel has just returned from the hospital after being injured from the particle accelerator explosion, and is currently (worryingly permanently) unable to speak. Felicity comments that between her and she will now have to talk for three people. They both stare down. Following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, FX pulled from the schedule because the opening depicted a space shuttle being destroyed.

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The page quote from is actually attributable to Larry Gelbart, whom Alan Alda butted heads with on. Neither nor Alda liked Gelbart, and used his quote to show what a shallow person Lester was. The release of was delayed several weeks due to the Kennedy assassination. One of Slim Pickens' was also re-dubbed: 'Shoot, a fella' could have a pretty good weekend in Vegas with all that stuff.' . It originally ended with a pie fight in the War Room, and at one point the President is hit, prompting the line 'Our gallant President has been struck down in his prime!'

. Similarly, the censors nixed a gag in (released in 1978) that would have had a sculpture of JFK on a parade float being shot in the 'head' during the chaos when the Deltas attack the parade in their 'Eat Me' float. (In the finished film, it is Jackie Kennedy who is disrespected, when Babs Jansen, who is portraying Jackie, has her pink suit ripped off and ends up in her underwear.) Ironically, in-universe the gag would have been a, since the parade takes place in the autumn of 1962 - more than a year before the assassination. A showing of was delayed in the UK and instead replaced with the showing of the movie. The reason for this was because there had been a recent incident at Glasgow Airport involving a flaming car crashing into the building, and with the movie being set in an airport they probably thought showing it would be in bad taste. The release of Fly Away Home, about a nine-year-old hang-glider pilot leading a flock of Canada geese to their nesting site, was delayed for several months following the death of seven-year-old Jessica Dubroff in an attempt to become the youngest person to fly across the United States.

The release of, originally scheduled for early 1986, was pushed back several months following the Challenger disaster. Invoked in the of Future Force. Upon seeing the starring credit for David Carradine, Bill riffs 'David Carradine?

How’d they rope him into this?' After Mike & Kevin protest, Bill apologizes and they try to avoid the subject, but. Kevin complained that it was Too Soon, but just seconds later says this is no longer the case (i.e., it's now okay to joke about it). Bill still manages to cross a line with his next joke, and the handful of times he brings it up again over the course of the movie are pretty uncomfortable for everybody.

The release of 's was delayed in the UK because there were parallels to the recent disappearance of Madeline McCann. pulled an airing of (their adaptation) three days after the Ufton Nervet rail crash in 2004. Hours before 's red-carpet premiere in Los Angeles, died, so Universal that joked about him, a trim that was confirmed for the. Not long after the death of an in-text example occurs in, when the two are speculating titles for the movie they're planning to make. Miri cringes Too soon?. 's made-for-TV movie was preempted by affiliate KUSA out of sympathy for the massacre, and the fact that it depicted the destruction of the city., the Colin Farell movie with his character stuck in a phone booth at the mercy of a sniper (voiced by Keifer Sutherland), was originally supposed to be released in October 2002.

In light of the D.C. Sniper attacks, it was moved to April 2003.

was also set to be released in theatres the same week as the Columbine shootings, and ended up having an extremely limited release (five theatres in the country, for one week). The film would've been doomed by the coincidence then and there had people not started talking about it to their friends and pen pals and brought about high sales of the DVD, causing it to become a major and leading to a sequel. Another Columbine example is, since the film featured gun violence among high school students. It was postponed from its April 1999 release date and wasn't released until summer 2001. Advertisements for the 1991 B horror film Body Parts, in which the protagonist whose arm is severed in an accident receives a transplant limb from a dead serial killer, were pulled in Wisconsin because the promotion and release of the film coincided with the discovery of the Jeffrey Dahmer killings. Trailers for the film were pulled due to Vince Vaughn's character describing hybrid cars as gay ('but not in a homosexual way'). 's original vision for was to make his villain Freddy Krueger a child molester and rapist as well as a child killer, but had to excise this little detail because he wanted to avoid being accused of exploiting a series of highly-publicized child molestations that was happening in California at the time the movie was being made., though, restores said detail.

pulled the -directed film Hereafter from Japanese theaters after the Sendai earthquake and tsunami, as the film's opening sequence contains a harrowing tsunami disaster. 2 informs Dr. Evil that his plan to end the marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales has been overtaken by real life events - an exchange cut from the British release, thanks to another far more tragic real life event involving the Princess of Wales which happened the week before. The Norwegian theatrical release of (a movie about a mother dealing with the fact that her son had massacred the kids at his school) was postponed from autumn 2011 to 2012 due to the recent Utoya massacre. This massacre is also the probable reason why it saw little distribution and. The James Bulger murder, which killed any chance of ever being released in Britain for the foreseeable future (that, and the fact that it isn't really a film worth fighting for), also delayed a re-release of at least one, for the next several years; the BBFC told the distributors that now would not be the best time to submit the film for rating. It wasn't until 2002 that the BBFC decided to accept a submission of the film, and the distributors' patience was duly rewarded: the film was rated 18 uncut.

Interestingly, the video release of 's was held up until 1995 for the same reason. On the subject of BBFC video classification.